La constante solar     

Prof. Dr. Kurt Wegener 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1949,15(3-4):186-189

Zusammenfassung Aus der Temperatur der Sonnenoberfläche und der Entfernung Sonne-Erde ergiebt sich die Solarkonstante 2.4 in Uebereinstimmung mit dem rohen Wert, der die Instrument-Temperatur berücksichtigt. Da an den meisten Observatorien die mittägliche Sonnenhöhe nicht ausreicht für eine genaue Bestimmung der Solarkonstante, wird 2.4 als rohe vorläufige Solarkonstante vorgeschlagen, bis im Laufe der nächsten 2 Jahre eine genauere Bestimmung vorliegt. Vermutlich ist auch die Strahlungskonstante von dem Temperaturfehler beeinflusst.  相似文献   

Fluoreszenz und Gelbstoff im Bottnischen und Finnischen Meerbusen   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Kurt Kalle 《Ocean Dynamics》1949,2(4):117-124

Zusammenfassung In der folgenden Arbeit wird der erstmalige Versuch unternommen, einen quantitativen Einblick in die gegenseitigen Beziehungen zweier im Meerwasser vorhandenen ausgesprochen organischen Stoffe in ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Salzgehalt zu gewinnen. Derartige Messungen waren bisher noch nicht möglich vor allem wegen der überaus geringen Konzentration, in der die organischen Stoffe im Meerwasser vorzukommen pflegen, sodann auch wegen der verhältnismäßig großen Abbaugeschwindigkeit, der diese Stoffe unter den natürlichen Bedingungen im Meere unterliegen. Bei den hier angestellten Untersuchungen handelt es sich um zwei verhältnismäßig stabile den Humusstoffen nahestehende Verbindungen, die sich einmal durch ihr Vermögen, im ultravioletten Licht zu fluoreszieren und zum anderen durch ihre gelbe Farbe auszeichnen. Als Untersuchungsgebiet wurden der Bottnische und Finnische Meerbusen ausgewählt, die an diesen Stoffen verhältnismäßig reich sind. Legt man vier Ausgangswässer zugrunde, so läßt sich die eigenartige Verteilung dieses Fluoreszenz- und Gelb-Stoffes in dem Untersuchungsgebiet zwangslos aus den gegenseitigen Mischungsvorgängen dieser Wässer deuten. Der Vorzug der neuartigen Methodik für zukünftige Messungen liegt in dreierlei. Erstens verspricht die Bestimmung eine tieferen Einblick in den bisher noch so ungeklärten Mechanismus der Humusbildung, ferner ermöglicht sie eine genauere Kontrolle des Aussüßungsvorganges in den Randmeergebieten als es bisher möglich war, und schließlich scheint sie berufen, bei weiterer Durchentwicklung der Methodik für die Aufklärung der chemisch-biologischen Grundvorgänge im Zusammenhang mit der Produktionsfrage des Meeres eine wichtige Lücke ausfüllen zu können.

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Fluorescence and contents of yellow substance in the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland

Summary In the following paper it is tried for the first time to provide a quantitative insight into the relations between two clearly organic substances in the sea-water as depending on salinity. Measurings of this kind could not be made so far especially because the organic substances usually occur in sea-water in very low concentration, furthermore because they decay rather rapidly under the natural conditions prevailing in the sea. The investigations in question deal with two relatively stable compositions closely related to the ulmous substances which are characterized on the one hand by their capability of fluorescence in ultraviolet light and on the other hand by their yellow colour. The investigations are based on water-samples from the Gulfs of Bothnia and Finland, which are relatively abounding in these substances. Assuming four primary kinds of water, the peculiar distribution of these fluorescence and yellow substances in the investigated area can be explained without restriction by mixing processes of these waters. The advantages of the new method of investigation are: firstly that it may be expected to get a deeper insight into the genesis of humus which is only very little elucidated so far, furthermore it allows to control more exactly the process of freshening of the water in marginal seas, and finally, in case of further development it seems to be qualified to fill up a remarkable gap in the elucidation of the fundamental processes in biological chemistry in connection with the problem of marine production.

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Die Veröffentlichung der im wesentlichen bereits vor etwa zehn Jahren abgeschlossenen Arbeit ist durch den Krieg verzögert worden.  相似文献   

Über die Schreibung russischer Namen     

Kurt Gundlach 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1942,33(1):49-54

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Der Block von Ust-urt     

Kurt Leuchs 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1935,26(4):248-258

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Das Pamir-System     

Kurt Gundlach 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1934,25(5):330-355

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Kurt v. Gehlen  A. Maucher  G. Müller  G. C. Amstutz  H. J. Koark 《Mineralium Deposita》1972,7(1):106-110

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Graph theory for analyzing pair-wise data: application to geophysical model parameters estimated from interferometric synthetic aperture radar data at Okmok volcano,Alaska     

Elena C. Reinisch  Michael Cardiff  Kurt L. Feigl 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(1):9-24

Graph theory is useful for analyzing time-dependent model parameters estimated from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data in the temporal domain. Plotting acquisition dates (epochs) as vertices and pair-wise interferometric combinations as edges defines an incidence graph. The edge-vertex incidence matrix and the normalized edge Laplacian matrix are factors in the covariance matrix for the pair-wise data. Using empirical measures of residual scatter in the pair-wise observations, we estimate the relative variance at each epoch by inverting the covariance of the pair-wise data. We evaluate the rank deficiency of the corresponding least-squares problem via the edge-vertex incidence matrix. We implement our method in a MATLAB software package called GraphTreeTA available on GitHub (https://github.com/feigl/gipht). We apply temporal adjustment to the data set described in Lu et al. (Geophys Res Solid Earth 110, 2005) at Okmok volcano, Alaska, which erupted most recently in 1997 and 2008. The data set contains 44 differential volumetric changes and uncertainties estimated from interferograms between 1997 and 2004. Estimates show that approximately half of the magma volume lost during the 1997 eruption was recovered by the summer of 2003. Between June 2002 and September 2003, the estimated rate of volumetric increase is \((6.2 \, \pm \, 0.6) \times 10^6~\mathrm{m}^3/\mathrm{year} \). Our preferred model provides a reasonable fit that is compatible with viscoelastic relaxation in the five years following the 1997 eruption. Although we demonstrate the approach using volumetric rates of change, our formulation in terms of incidence graphs applies to any quantity derived from pair-wise differences, such as range change, range gradient, or atmospheric delay.  相似文献   

Opportunistic natural experiments using digital telemetry: a transit disruption case study     

Kevin Stanley  L. Kurt Kreuger  Priyasree Bhowmik  Narjes Shojaati  Alexa Elliott 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(9):1853-1872

ABSTRACT

In the past decade society has entered a technological period characterized by handheld computing that supports input and processing from numerous sensors. Today’s mobile phones offer the ability to integrate input from sensors monitoring various external and internal sources (e.g., accelerometer, magnetometer, microphone, GPS, wireless Internet, and Bluetooth). Furthermore, these raw inputs can be integrated and processed in ways that can offer novel representations of human behaviour. As a result, new opportunities to examine and better understand human spatial behaviour are available; one such application is the constant monitoring of a group of people over an extended period of time. Such a research setting lends itself to natural experiments that emerge as a result of regular and on-going observations. We report here on the observation of a natural experiment that took place in the context of a month-long monitoring study of 28 participants using mobile phone-based ubiquitous sensor monitoring. The implications for public health and transportation planning are discussed.  相似文献   

Glacial rebound and sea-level change in the British Isles     

Kurt Lambeck 《地学学报》1991,3(4):379-389

Observations of sea levels around the coastline of the British Isles for the past 10,000–15,000 years exhibit a major regional variation and provide an important data base for testing models of glacial rebound as well as models of the Late Devensian ice sheet. A high-resolution rebound model has been developed which is consistent with both the spatial and temporal patterns of sea-level change and which demonstrates that the observations are the result of (i) the glacio-isostatic crustal rebound in response to the unloading of the ice sheet over Britain and, to a lesser degree, of the ice sheet over Fennoscandia, and (ii) the rise in sea-level from the melting Late Pleistocene ice sheets, including the response of the crust to the water loading (the hydro-isostatic effect). The agreement between model and observations is such that there is no need to invoke vertical crustal movements for Great Britain and Ireland of other than glacio-hydro-isostatic origin. The rebound contributions are important throughout the region and nowhere is it sufficiently small for the sea-level change to approximate the eustatic sea-level rise. The observational data distribution around the periphery as well as from sites near the centre of the former ice sheet is sufficient to permit constraints to be established on both earth model parameters specifying the mantle viscosity and lithospheric thickness and the extent and volume of the ice sheet at the time of the last glaciation. Preliminary solutions are presented which indicate an upper mantle viscosity of (3–5)10²⁰ Pas, a lithospheric thickness of about 100 km or less, and an ice model that was not confluent with the Scandinavian ice sheet during the last glaciation and whose maximum thickness over Scotland is unlikely to have exceeded about 1500 m.  相似文献   

MISCELLANEA     

Kurt Marti 《Meteoritics & planetary science》1979,14(4):571-576

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